Induction of cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells by pristimerin

Pristimerin, a triterpenoid isolated from Celastraceae and Hippocrateaceae, is known to induce cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines. However, whether pristimerin can induce apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells and the underlying mechanism remain unexplored. We assessed the function of human cholangiocarcinoma QBC and RBE cell lines using various experimental methods such as the cell viability assay to elucidate the viability of cells, flow cytometry to detect the death rate of cells, and Western blot analysis to evaluate the expression of cell cycle‐related proteins and autophagy‐related proteins. Human cholangiocarcinoma QBC cells were transplanted to nude mice to establish an animal model, and the effect of pristimerin on tumor growth in this model was observed. QBC and RBE cell lines treated with pristimerin (0, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L) demonstrated the induction of apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. The cell viability assay revealed a reduction in the cell viability with an increase in the pristimerin concentration. Similarly, flow cytometry revealed a gradual increase in the cell death rate with an increase in the pristimerin concentration. In addition, pristimerin significantly lowered the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL, and procaspase‐3), but increased the Bax expression. Furthermore, pristimerin resulted in the G0/G1 cell‐cycle arrest, reducing the expression of cell cycle‐related proteins (cyclin E, CDK2, and CDK4), and increased the expression of autophagy‐related proteins (LC3) in QBC cell line. Treatment with pristimerin could inhibit tumor growth in the nude mouse model. Overall, this study suggests the potential effect of pristimerin on the cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells.