Exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder in people who stutter: An exploratory multiple baseline design

•An exposure therapy protocol was developed specifically for people who stutter and have social anxiety disorder.•Efficacy of intervention was evaluated utilizing a multiple baseline design.•Social anxiety reduced.•Affective, behavioral, and cognitive experiences of stuttering improved.•There was no consistent change in stuttering frequency. Background & objectives: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a debilitating condition, and approximately half of adults who stutter have SAD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown promise in decreasing social anxiety symptoms among adults who stutter, but exposure, arguably the essential component for successful CBT for SAD, has been understudied and underemphasized. Aims of this study were to develop an exposure therapy protocol designed specifically for people who stutter and have SAD and evaluate its potential efficacy in reducing social anxiety and stuttering severity using a multiple baseline design. Methods: Six participants received ten sessions of exposure therapy. Participants reported daily social anxiety, and social distress and stuttering severity were evaluated at major assessment points. Results: There were substantial reductions in social anxiety and considerable improvements in affective, behavioral, and cognitive experiences of stuttering. No consistent change was observed for stuttering frequency. Gains were mostly maintained after six-months. Conclusions: Results suggest that the novel exposure approach may decrease social distress, but not necessarily influence speech fluency. These findings underscore the importance of the assessment and treatment of SAD among adults who stutter and suggest that the integration of care between clinical psychologists and speech-language pathologists may prove beneficial for this population.