Gingival crevicular fluid and salivary HIF‐1α, VEGF, and TNF‐α levels in periodontal health and disease

Background Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α) is expressed as an adaptive response to hypoxia, mediates angiogenesis through the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and can be induced by tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). This study aimed to investigate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and salivary HIF‐1α, VEGF, and TNF‐α levels in periodontal health and disease. Methods A total of 87 individuals, 20 generalized aggressive periodontitis (G‐AgP), 20 chronic periodontitis (CP), 26 gingivitis patients, and 21 periodontally healthy individuals, were included. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded; GCF and salivary samples were collected; and HIF‐1α, VEGF, and TNF‐α levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Nonparametric tests were used for the statistical analyses. Results G‐AgP and CP groups had significantly higher GCF HIF‐1α, VEGF, and TNF‐α total amounts than gingivitis and healthy groups (P