HIV infection associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Clinical features, imaging findings, management and outcomes

•HIV infection is well known to produce an immunodeficiency state, but physicians rarely recognize it as a cause of autoimmunity.•Management of patients with HIV-NMOSD is a challenge.•There were 7 cases of HIV-NMOSD including one from our registry. There were four males and three females with age ranging from 8 years to 49 years.•In all patients with HIV infection presenting with optic neuritis or/and myelitis, anti aquaporin 4 antibody status should be checked and in all patients of NMOSD, HIV infection should be ruled out. HIV Infection associated NMOSD (HIV-NMOSD) is a recently recognized entity. Management of patients with HIV-NMOSD is a challenge. Here we report our own experience of HIV-NMOSD along with a complete review of all the cases of HIV-NMOSD reported in literature. Describe the clinical features, radiological findings, treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with HIV-NMOSD. The details of all cases of HIV- NMOSD were searched from our NMOSD registry. A literature search was also done using the terms NMO, NMOSD and HIV infection in PUBMED, Google Scholar and EMBASE. The details of all the reported cases and cases from our registry were collected and analyzed. Six cases of HIV-NMOSD were identified from the literature and one from our registry. There were four males and three females with age ranging from 8 years to 49 years. Duration of HIV infection ranged from newly detected to 15 years. Optic neuritis followed by myelitis was the commonest presentation, occurring in 5 out of 7 patients. 3 patients were anti-aquaporin 4 antibody positive while 3 were negative and in one anti- aquaporin 4 antibody assay was not done. All patients received immunomodulatory treatment. 5/7 patients had poor recovery from acute attacks but no patient had further relapses while on immunomodulatory treatment and antiretroviral therapy. HIV associated NMOSD is a recently recognized entity. A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose these patients. In all patients with HIV infection presenting with optic neuritis or/and myelitis, anti aquaporin 4 antibody status should be checked and in all patients of NMOSD, HIV infection should be ruled out.