Case-Control Studies: Using “Real-world” Evidence to Assess Association

The key to efficiently assess the association between patient characteristics or treatment receive and clinical outcomes through case-control studies and real-world data. Here, Irony discusses how Wang et al assessed the association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the use of inhaled long-acting B2-agonists (LABAs) or long-acting antimuscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) in chronic obstructive pulmunary disease (COPD), utilizing a nested case-control study.