A comparison of three strategies for biopanning of phage‐scFv library against diphtheria toxin

The biopanning process is a critical step in phage display for isolating peptides or proteins with specific binding properties. Conventional panning methods are sometimes not so effective and may result in nonspecific or low‐yield positive results. In this study, three different strategies including soluble antibody‐capturing, pH‐stepwise elution, and conventional panning were used for enrichment of specific clones against diphtheria toxoid. The reactivity of the selected clones was evaluated using an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The positive clones were screened using Vero cell viability assay. The neutralizing clones were expressed in HB2151 strain of Escherichia coli and soluble single‐chain fragment variable (scFv) fragments were purified by nickel‐nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Finally, the ability of scFv fragments for neutralizing diphtheria toxin (DT) were evaluated again using Vero cell viability assay. After four rounds of panning, the soluble antibody‐capturing method yielded 15 positive phage‐scFv clones against diphtheria toxoid. Conventional panning and pH‐stepwise elution model resulted from nine and five positive phage‐scFv clones, respectively. Among all positive clones, three clones were able to neutralize DT in Vero cell viability assay. Two of these clones belonged to a soluble antibody‐capturing method and one of them came from conventional panning. Three neutralizing clones were used for soluble expression and purification of scFvs fragments. It was found that these soluble scFv fragments possessed neutralizing activity ranging from 0.15 to 0.6 µg against two‐fold cytotoxic dose 99% of DT. In conclusion, the results of our study indicate that soluble antibody‐capturing method is an efficient method for isolation of specific scFv fragments. Low‐yielded and false‐positive phage clones are big disadvantages in conventional biopanning in phage‐display technique. The results revealed that soluble antibody‐capturing approach (B) is a more suitable panning (A) method compared with conventional panning and pH‐stepwise elution models (C).