Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Effects of Botulinum Toxin A on Glabellar Frown Lines

Background The use of injectable solutions for aesthetic purposes has increased tremendously, but lacks objective support. We aimed at assessing static and dynamic effects of botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) on glabellar lines by use of an objective three-dimensional methodology. Methods We prospectively collected three-dimensional stereographic photographs of two different facial expressions (pretreatment, 30 and 90 days posttreatment) in 21 patients, receiving a total of 20 units of BoNTA in both corrugator supercilii muscles. The primary endpoint was the three-dimensional static and dynamic surface irregularity, and secondary endpoints were the glabellar line scale and overall patient satisfaction. Blinded retrospective data analysis and statistical evaluation were performed with p