Introduction [to Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity]

Allergy is a hypersensitive response of the immune system to inhaled or ingested proteins, or allergens. Since only some individuals will develop allergy even though many are exposed, a genetic predisposition along with environmental exposure is necessary for the atopic state to occur. The allergic response can involve different organ systems, and symptoms can include nasal congestion, shortness of breath or skin rash, resulting in rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, urticaria and angioedema, or even anaphylaxis and death. Over 20% of the population has one form of allergic disease or another, and a number of allergens associated with different forms of allergy have been reported all over the world. The concentration of environmental allergens depends on many variables, including climate, vegetation, and air quality. The outdoor allergens are predominantly plant pollens and fungal spores. The indoor allergens include proteins from dust mite, cockroach, animal dander, and also fungal spores. Indoor allergen concentrations are affected by humidity, ventilation, and the presence or absence of pets, carpets, or houseplants. Avoidance or reduction of exposure may be important factors in decreasing the development of allergy to these indoor and outdoor allergens.