Association between congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and mode of delivery at birth

To investigate the association between mode of delivery, incidence of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO), and treatment outcomes. The medical records of children diagnosed with CNLDO at a tertiary referral center between 2012 and 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Patient demographics, pregnancy and birth history, clinical characteristics of CNLDO, and treatment outcomes were compared in patients delivered via Cesarean section (CS) versus vaginal delivery (VD). The rates of CS, as well as full-term and premature births, were also compared to Miami-Dade County normative values to eliminate the confounding effects of prematurity. A total of 104 patients were included. A significantly higher percentage of patients with CNLDO (61%) were delivered via CS (P