Investigation of small intestinal lesions in dialysis patients using capsule endoscopy

Introduction: Although gastrointestinal hemorrhage is an important complication for dialysis patients, the details of many points remain unclear with regard to small intestinal lesions. Methods: Capsule endoscopy was performed in fecal occult blood‐positive dialysis (n =16) and non‐dialysis (n = 20) patients after upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies failed to reveal hemorrhagic lesions. Findings: Erosive lesions were observed in 50.0% (8/16) and 25.0% (5/20) of the dialysis and non‐dialysis groups, respectively. Vascular lesions were observed in 62.5% (10/16) and 25.0% (5/20), respectively. Vascular lesions were observed at a significantly higher rate in the dialysis patients (P = 0.041), but no significant difference was noted in erosive lesions (P = 0.188). Of patients taking proton pump inhibitor (PPI), Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs, and antiplatelet drugs, only oral PPI administration was associated with vascular lesions (P = 0.02). Discussion: In dialysis patients, vascular lesions are the most common among small intestinal lesions, suggesting that they may have caused previously unexplained gastrointestinal hemorrhage in dialysis patients. It was also suggested that the frequent use of PPI may be a cause of small intestinal lesions.