Prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli in Fish in Egypt: Quality Parameters and Public Health Hazard

This study investigated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes and shiga toxin -producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in fish and evaluated quality parameters of examined fish. A total of 150 fish samples belonging to 6 species (25/each species) were cultured on Baird–Parker agar and eosin methylene blue agar. Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and virulence genes ( stx1 , stx2 , and eae A genes) in E. coli serotypes were determined by multiplex PCR. Aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae count, coliform count, and Pseudomonas count were performed. Also, levels of total volatile base nitrogen and histamine in fish were determined. The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 4% to 36% and count from 2 to 4 log 10 CFU/g. The sed , sea , and seb genes in S. aureus isolates were detected with percentages of 40%, 26.6%, and 20%, respectively. The E. coli serotype O26 carried stx 1, stx2 , and eaeA . The APCs, Enterobacteriaceae counts, and Pseudomonas counts ranged from 5.1 to 7.2, from 2.01 to 3.9, and from 2.1 to 3.1 log 10 CFU/g, respectively. The most probable number (MPN) of coliform ranged from 1.3 to 3.6 log 10 /g. Levels of total volatile basic nitrogen and histamine ranged from 29.2 to 12.2 and from 0.6 to 4.6 mg/100 g, respectively. Also, the value of thiobarbituric acid was highly significant (1.1 ± 0.084 mg MDA/kg) in Trachurus mediterraneus samples compared with those levels obtained from other fish species. Our findings concluded that those fish species could constitute a public health hazard as fish are reservoirs for enterotoxigenic S. aureus and Shiga toxin producing E. coli strains. This study highlighted the importance of screening of fish for enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains and STEC isolates, and also assessing the quality parameters of fish.