Occurrence of fumonisins in maize imported into Iran during 2001–2002

Fumonisins, fungal toxins found primarily in maize and produced by various Fusarium species, have been shown to cause a variety of significant adverse health effects in livestock and experimental animals, and are probable human carcinogens. Thirty-three maize samples were collected at ports from bulk shipments, which were imported into Iran from six countries during 2001–2002, and analysed by HPLC for the most abundant of the naturally occurring fumonisin analogues, namely fumonisins B 1 (FB 1 ), B 2 (FB 2 ) and B 3 (FB 3 ). Of the 33 samples, 21 (64%) were found to contain FB 1 (58–512 μg/kg) at levels above 10 μg/kg. The frequency of FB 1 found in maize samples imported from Uruguay and Canada was 75%, followed by China and Argentina (67%), USA (60%), and Brazil (50%). The average FB 1 level was 266 and 169 μg/kg for positive and all samples, respectively. Medians were 250 and 146 μg/kg for positive and all samples, respectively. FB 2 levels ranged from not detected (