Coastal currents generated by outflow and vorticity and their interaction with topography

The offshore spreading of coastal river outflows over shelf-like topography is inhibited by the demands of potential vorticity conservation. As a result, outflows tend to remain coastally trapped and flow parallel to the coast. Alongshore currents may also form when the outflow fluid has vorticity relative to the surrounding fluid, in which case the ‘image’ vorticity drives the outflow parallel to the coast. In the present work, the combined effects of topography and anomalous vorticity of the outflow in forming coastal currents are studied. Shelf-like topography is considered in the form of a sudden step change in depth, running parallel to a straight coast, some distance offshore. A simple model incorporating these effects is formulated using quasigeostrophic dynamics for a barotropic fluid with a rigid lid. The role of topographic wave radiation in establishing coastal currents is studied using the linearised barotropic potential vorticity equation for the case of a weak outflow of fluid with zero anomalous vorticity. The outflow is shown to be confined to the shelf and flows to the right of the source region. For stronger outflows, with relative vorticity, the method of contour dynamics is used to study the nonlinear evolution of the outflow plume and, in particular, its interaction with topography. The effects of outflow strength, magnitude and sign of the relative vorticity of the outflow fluid are considered in detail. In particular, the offshore penetration distance and rate of alongshore spreading of the outflow plume are studied. When the outflow comprises of fluid with positive (cyclonic) vorticity, the topographic and vorticity-driven image effects reinforce each other and increase the spreading rate of the outflow plume to the right of the source. For negative (anticyclonic) vorticity outflows the effects oppose each other leading to enhanced offshore spreading of the outflow. The numerical results demonstrate that the offshore transport is achieved by an efficient dipolar vortex mechanism.