Identification of therapeutic effect of glucagon‐like peptide 1 in the treatment of STZ‐induced diabetes mellitus in rats by restoring the balance of intestinal flora

Objective The objective of this study was to identify the therapeutic effect and the underlying mechanism of glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) in the treatment of STZ‐induced diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods Mice were treated with STZ to establish an animal model of DM, which was further treated with a GLP‐1 receptor agonist. Subsequently, the status of glucose, insulin, nitric oxide, inflammatory and oxidative factors was evaluated and compared among Sham, STZ, and STZ + GLP‐1 groups. In addition, the intestinal flora spectrum in each group was also evaluated. Results In this study, it was found that the administration of STZ increased the level of glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin but reduced the level of insulin. It was also found that the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress in STZ‐induced DM were both enhanced, as evidenced by a decreased level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, as well as increased levels of malonyldialdehyde, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐6. Meanwhile, the expression of nitric oxide, a factor associated with both oxidative stress and inflammation, was also suppressed in STZ‐induced DM. More importantly, the imbalance of intestinal flora was observed in STZ‐induced DM, as shown by a decreased level of both total bacteria and that of some strains including Clostridium, Bacteroides, Lactobacilli, and Bifidobacteria. Conclusion In summary, the findings of this study confirmed the antihyperglycemic effect of GLP‐1 and demonstrated that the therapeutic effect of GLP‐1 in the treatment of STZ‐induced DM was mediated, at least partially, by its ability to restore the balance of intestinal flora. In summary, the findings of this study confirmed the antihyperglycemic effect of GLP‐1 and demonstrated that the therapeutic effect of GLP‐1 in the treatment of STZ‐induced DM was mediated, at least partially, by its ability to restore the balance of intestinal flora.