The unicellular freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus and mixotrophic flagellates: evidence for a functional association in an oligotrophic, subalpine lake

Summary 1. We applied Reynolds's approach to the study of phytoplankton ecology through functional associations of species to identify possible algal species, which associate with the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Previously an association among Synechococcus spp. and small‐celled chlorophytes (association Z) has been recognised by evaluating phytoplankton associations according to functional criteria. 2. Biomass data for phytoplankton and picocyanobacteria from Lago Maggiore spanning more years were organised in a matrix and a cluster analysis was performed. The results showed four groups separated at a linkage distance of 0.20. Mixotrophic species which clustered with Synechococcus spp. were Ceratium hirundinella, Chrysochromulina parva, Cryptomonas erosa, Cryptomonas ovata, Dinobryon bavaricum, Dinobryon sociale, Rhodomonas minuta and Uroglena americana. The redundancy analysis (RDA) consolidated the association of Synechococcus with C. hirundinella and R. minuta showing greater probability of occurrence than random aggregates of species. 3. The association Synechococcus spp. –C. hirundinella also appeared from temporal variation of their biomass. In early summer both these species increased at the same time; later, the peak of C. hirundinella (potential predator) coincided with a minimum of Synechococcus spp. suggesting a possible predator‐prey interaction. This implied that phytoplankton assemblages which form a functional group cannot only have similar adaptations and requirements but can also exhibit trophic interactions. 4. We propose to enlarge the association Z and create an association ZMX (where MX stands for mixotrophs) which would include Synechococcus spp. and C. hirundinella as the most representative of the mixotrophic species found in the oligotrophic Lago Maggiore.