Effects of hydraulic retention time on process performance of anaerobic side-stream reactor coupled membrane bioreactors: Kinetic model, sludge reduction mechanism and microbial community structures

[Display omitted] •Anaerobic side-stream reactor (ASSR) coupled MBR was used to treat real wastewater.•Sludge reduction was enhanced from 10.2% at HRT of ASSR of 3.3 h to 40.9% at 6.7 h.•Anaerobic hydrolysis of inactive particles contributed majorly to sludge reduction.•Active cell lysis occurred principally in aerobic conditions.•MiSeq sequencing proved ASSR-MBR enriched hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria. An anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (AO-MBR) and three anaerobic side-stream reactor (ASSR) coupled MBRs (ASSR-MBR) were operated to investigate the effects of hydraulic retention time of ASSR (HRTA) and to elucidate sludge reduction mechanisms in ASSR-MBRs. Increasing HRTA from 3.3 to 6.6 h improved nitrogen removal, and enhanced sludge reduction from 8.0% to 40.9% in ASSR-MBR. The sludge decay coefficient was 0.0221 d−1 in MBRs, and 0.0231–0.0345 d−1 in ASSRs. The measured lysis rate coefficient of heterotrophic biomass was 0.083–0.112 d−1 in MBRs and 0.079–0.111 d−1 in ASSRs. The hydrolysis rate coefficient of inactive particulate organic matters (POMs) in ASSRs significantly exceeded that in the MBR. At HRTA of 6.6 h, POMs hydrolysis in ASSR (38.6%) is the dominant route of sludge reduction, and cell lysis occurred principally in aerobic tanks. Illumina-MiSeq sequencing showed ASSR-MBRs enriched hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria, and confirmed that anaerobic hydrolysis contributed most to sludge reduction.