Structural and Motional Changes Induced in apo-S100A1 Protein by the Disulfide Formation between Its Cys 85 Residue and beta2-Mercaptoethanol

Recently, we have shown (Goch, G., Vdovenko, S., Kozlowska, H., and Bierzynski, A. (2005) FEBS J. 272, 2557-2565) that the chemical modification of Cys 85 residue of S100A1 protein by disulfide bond formation with small thiols such as glutathione, cysteine, or beta2-mercaptoethanol (beta2ME) leads to a dramatic increase of the protein affinity for calcium. Therefore, the biological function of S100A1 as a calcium signal transmitter is probably regulated by the redox potential within the cell. Systematic, structural studies of various mixed disulfides of S100A1 in the apo and holo states are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon. Using NMR methods we have determined the structure of apo-S100A1-beta2ME and, on the basis of super(15)N nuclear magnetic relaxation data, we have characterized the structural dynamics of both: modified and unmodified molecules of apo-S100A1. The following effects of beta2ME modification have been observed: (1) Helices IV and IV' of two protein subunits are elongated by five residues (85-89). (2) Conformation of the calcium binding N-terminal loops is dramatically changed, and structural flexibility of the N-loops as well as C-loops markedly increases. (3) The angle between helices I and IV increases by similar to 20 degree and between helices IV and IV' decreases by similar to 35 degree . All these observations lead to the conclusion that beta2ME modification of apo-S100A1 makes its structure more similar to that of holo-S100A1, so that it becomes much better adjusted for calcium coordination.