Oxidative stress of CeO sub(2) nanoparticles via p38-Nrf-2 signaling pathway in human bronchial epithelial cell, Beas-2B

To understand the molecular mechanism of previously observed cerium oxide (CeO sub(2)) nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress, an in vitro toxicity assay was conducted using human bronchial epithelial cell, Beas-2B, focusing on the involvement of the oxidative stress responding signal transduction pathway and transcription factors in the toxicity of CeO sub(2) nanoparticles. Extracellular signal-regulating kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, along with nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-B) and nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), were investigated as the upstream events of oxidative stress from exposure to CeO sub(2) nanoparticles. The overall results suggest that CeO sub(2) nanoparticles may exert their toxicity through oxidative stress, as they cause significant increases in the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, subsequently leading to the strong induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via the p38-Nrf-2 signaling pathway. Further studies on the mechanism by which CeO sub(2) nanoparticles induce the p38-Nrf-2 signaling pathway are warranted for a better understanding of the CeO sub(2) nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress; studies with other signaling pathways, with concentration-response and time course experiments would also be justified.