Oral Candida carriage among cigarette‐ and waterpipe‐smokers, and electronic cigarette users

Objective The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to compare oral Candida carriage among cigarette‐ and waterpipe‐smokers, electronic cigarette (E‐Cig) users, and never‐smokers. Methods Demographic data and information regarding smoking and vaping were collected using a questionnaire. Number of missing teeth and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) were recorded. Oral Candida samples were collected and identified using concentrated oral rinse culture technique and PCR, respectively. Level of significance was set at p