The prevalence and risk factors of nocturia in China, South Korea, and Taiwan: results from a cross-sectional, population-based study

Purpose To examine the prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for nocturia using data from an internet-based questionnaire conducted in China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Methods Data from a cross-sectional, population-representative, internet-based study conducted among men and women aged ≥ 40 years were analysed post hoc. Nocturia prevalence and bother were analysed by sex and age group, and with regard to comorbid conditions and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Multivariate and univariate logistic regression models to identify risk factors for nocturia were constructed, with nocturia involving ≥ 2 nocturnal voids as the dependent variable. Results Among the 8284 participants, the prevalence of nocturia involving ≥ 1, ≥ 2, or ≥ 3 voids was slightly higher for women (76.1, 37.3, and 17.5%, respectively) compared with men (74.0, 34.5, and 15.5%, respectively). The prevalence and associated bother of nocturia increased with age. Greater proportions of patients with comorbid conditions or wet/more severe overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) experienced nocturia than those without. Multivariate analysis identified that female sex, age > 60 years, diabetes, cardiac disease, body mass index, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) voiding score, stress urinary incontinence, wet OAB, and Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale (HADS) anxiety score were associated with ≥ 2 nocturnal voids. Hypertension was associated with ≥ 2 nocturnal voids in women but not men, and alcohol consumption in men but not women. Conclusions Nocturia is a common and bothersome condition affecting a large proportion of men and women aged ≥ 40 years in China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Factors associated with nocturia included age, sex, comorbid conditions, and LUTS. Trial registration This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02618421.