The social dynamics of southern resident killer whales and conservation implications for this endangered population

Quantitatively characterizing the social structure of a population provides important insight into the forces shaping key population processes. Moreover, long-term social dynamics provide an avenue for understanding population-level responses to changes in socioecological conditions. This is particularly true for species that show natal philopatry and highly stable hierarchically structured social units, such as the piscivorous resident killer whales of the northeast Pacific. The southern resident killer whale population is a small, demographically closed population, comprising three commonly recognized pods (J, K and L pods), that has recently been listed as endangered throughout its range in both Canadian and U.S.A. waters. In this study, we quantitatively assessed social structure in this population from 29 years of photo-identification data to characterize significant temporal changes in sociality. Preferential affiliation among killer whales within both genealogical matrilines and pods was supported by two different analytical methods and, despite interannual variability, these social clusters persisted throughout the study. All three pods experienced fluctuations in social cohesion over time, but the overall rate of intrapod affiliation was consistently lowest within L pod, the largest of the southern resident pods. The most recent increase in fluidity within social units, occurring in the mid to late 1990s, was coincident with a significant decline in population size, suggesting a possible common response to external stressors. Quantifying these trends in social structure is the first step towards understanding the causes and consequences of long-term changes in killer whale social structure.