Origin of neutron flux increases observed in correlation with lightning

The past decade of research into the phenomenon of lightning has seen an accumulation of evidence for the existence of penetrating radiation (X‐ and γ‐rays) in direct association with many forms of discharges. As a result, our basic understanding of the mechanisms that produce lightning has shifted from the present paradigm based on conventional breakdown to a picture that incorporates the acceleration and avalanche of energetic particles. Experiments conducted at high mountainous facilities in Gulmarg, India, have further confirmed the need for a paradigm shift. These measurements have shown an enhancement in neutron flux in the atmosphere in correlation with lightning electromagnetic pulses. We demonstrate here that the prevailing neutron generation theory based on synthesis of deuterium nuclei in the lightning channel is not feasible. Instead, this phenomenon is most likely connected with photonuclear reactions produced as part of the recently elaborated theory of relativistic runaway breakdown.