Ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation. Experience in critically-ill pediatric patients

Central vascular cannulation in children is a highly complex technique and poses many difficulties. Vascular ultrasound can make this procedure easier. To describe the characteristics of ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation in critically-ill pediatric patients. Outcome measures prospectively recorded were vessels most frequently cannulated, their localization, the measurement of their diameter/depth, the success rate and complications developed, among others. One hundred and twenty four vascular punctures were performed in 86 pediatric patients. Vascular accesses were the femoral vein (39.7%), followed by the femoral artery (27.2%) and the internal jugular vein (14.7%). Femoral vessels were localized at a depth of 0.75 ± 0.25 mm, with a mean diameter of 0.31 ± 0.16 mm. The depth of jugular vein vessels was smaller (0.64 ± 0.24 mm) and their overall diameter, larger (0.44 ± 0.19 mm). The mean number of attempts in ultrasound-guided cannulations was 2.2 ± 1.3. The success rate was 79% and was associated to a larger vessel diameter (0.39 ± 0.20 mm vs. 0.28 ± 0.13 mm, p= 0.01) and a lower number of attempts (1.90 ± 1.16 vs. 3.45 ± 1.77, p= 0.001). Complications were accidental puncture of another vessel (5.3%) and hematoma formation during puncture (2.3%). In the pediatric patients studied, ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation allowed vessel visualization and measurement of their depth and diameter; the success rate was high and it was associated to a low complication rate.