Therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome among refractory germ cell tumor patients

Objectives To analyze cases of therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome diagnosed after chemotherapy for refractory testicular and extragonadal germ cell tumor in our experience. Methods A total of 171 consecutive patients who were diagnosed and treated as refractory germ cell tumor and had records of detailed chemotherapy doses between April 1998 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Results Four testicular tumor patients (4/171, 2.3%) developed therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Three of them were affected after complete remission of the primary testicular tumor. A median time interval from a start of chemotherapy to a secondary tumor development was 6.8 years (range 3.7–11.5 years). The median total dose of etoposide, ifosfamide, cisplatin and nedaplatin were 3640 mg/m2 (range 2906–4000 mg/m2), 42.7 g (range 19.5–54.0 g), 1100 mg/m2 (range 600–1500 mg/m2) and 500 mg/m2 (range 300–1600 mg/m2), respectively. Etoposide had the only significant relationship between a cumulative dose and leukemogenesis in univariate analysis (P