Sequential processing strategies for fingermark visualisation on uncirculated £10 (Bank of England) polymer banknotes

•Fingermark process sequences were compared on £10 polymer notes, with natural marks.•Sequences were constructed using established and novel process combinations.•fpNatural® 2–fpNatural® 2 powder suspension was an effective sequence.•Black magnetic powder–iron oxide powder suspension was also effective.•The inclusion of non-visible imaging techniques and lifting improved capability. An investigation was undertaken to assess the relative effectiveness of five fingermark visualisation process sequences on new, uncirculated £10 polymer banknotes from the Bank of England (BoE). Each sequence was challenged with the visualisation of 64 natural fingermarks on eight banknotes, of which half were aged for 2–3days and half were aged for 12–13days (32 donors contributed in each set). The sequences investigated were; •sequence 1: cyanoacrylate fuming→gold/zinc vacuum metal deposition→basic yellow 40 dye stain→silver vacuum metal deposition•sequence 2: cyanoacrylate fuming→fpNatural® 2 powder→black magnetic powder•sequence 3: black magnetic powder→iron oxide powder suspension•sequence 4: fpNatural® 2 powder→fpNatural® 2 powder suspension•sequence 5: multi-metal deposition→blue toner After each process was applied, fingermark development was assessed under primary viewing conditions appropriate to the technique (white light or fluorescence). All samples were also assessed under secondary viewing conditions; provided by the optical processes infrared reflection and long-wave ultraviolet reflection, and by gelatin lifting (with scanning). These additional techniques reduced the interfering effect of the complex banknote backgrounds and improved the contrast of enhanced fingermarks. Overall, with all assessment conditions considered, sequence 4 and sequence 3 visualised the most identifiable quality fingermarks (92.2% and 89.1% respectively). The most effective overall process used singularly was found to be black magnetic powder, provided that reflected infrared was used to image the results (82.8%). Further data analysis revealed that sequence 1 was the most effective sequence for fresh marks (aged 2–3days) when only primary viewing conditions within the visible part of the spectrum are considered. The need for further work which considers the sensitivity of the processes, and how they perform on BoE polymer banknotes that have become worn in circulation, is emphasised.