Recipes for stellar jets: results of combined optical/infrared diagnostics

We examine the conditions of the plasma along a sample of “classical” Herbig-Haro (HH) jets located in the Orion and Vela star forming regions, through combined optical-infrared spectral diagnostics. Our sample includes HH 111, HH 34, HH 83, HH 73, HH 24 C/E, HH 24 J, observed quasi-simultaneously and in the same manner at moderate spatial/spectral resolution. Once inter-calibrated, the obtained spectra cover a wide wavelength range from $0.6{-}2.5$ μm, including many transitions from regions of different excitation conditions. This allows us to probe the density and temperature stratification which characterises the cooling zones behind the shock fronts along the jet. From the line ratios we derive the variation of the visual extinction along the flow, the electron density and temperature (ne and Te), the hydrogen ionisation fraction xe, and the total density nH in the emission region of different lines. The knowledge of such parameters is essential for testing existing jet models and for planning follow-up high-angular resolution observations. From the diagnostics of optical forbidden lines we find, on average, that in the examined jets, in the region of optical emission, ne varies between 50 cm-3 and $3\times 10^{3}$ cm-3, xe ranges between 0.03 and 0.6, and the electron temperature Te is ~$1.3\times 10^{4}$ K in the HH 111 and HH 34 jets, while it appears to be higher ($1.8\times 10^{4}$ K on average) in the other examined jets. The electron density and temperature derived from [$\ion{Fe}{ii}$] lines, turn out to be, respectively, higher and lower in comparison to those determined from optical lines, in agreement with the fact that the [$\ion{Fe}{ii}$] lines arise in the more compressed gas located further from the shock front. An even denser component in the jets, with values of ne up to 106 cm-3 is detected using the ratio of calcium lines. The derived physical parameters are used to estimate the depletion onto dust grains of calcium and iron with respect to solar abundances. This turns out to be quite substantial, being between 70% and 0% for Ca and ~90% for Fe. This leads us to suggest that the weak shocks present in the beams are not capable of completely destroying the ambient dust grains, confirming previous theoretical studies. We then derive the mass flux rates, $\dot{M}_{\rm jet}$, in the flows using two independent methods. Taking into account the filling factor of the emitting gas, $\dot{M}_{\rm jet}$ is on average $5\times 10^{-8}~M_\od