Comparison of land use regression models for NO2 based on routine and campaign monitoring data from an urban area of Japan

Typically, land use regression (LUR) models have been developed using campaign monitoring data rather than routine monitoring data. However, the latter have advantages such as low cost and long-term coverage. Based on the idea that LUR models representing regional differences in air pollution and regional road structures are optimal, the objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of LUR models for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) based on routine and campaign monitoring data obtained from an urban area. We selected the city of Suita in Osaka (Japan). We built a model based on routine monitoring data obtained from all sites (routine-LUR-All), and a model based on campaign monitoring data (campaign-LUR) within the city. Models based on routine monitoring data obtained from background sites (routine-LUR-BS) and based on data obtained from roadside sites (routine-LUR-RS) were also built. The routine LUR models were based on monitoring networks across two prefectures (i.e., Osaka and Hyogo prefectures). We calculated the predictability of the each model. We then compared the predicted NO2 concentrations from each model with measured annual average NO2 concentrations from evaluation sites. The routine-LUR-All and routine-LUR-BS models both predicted NO2 concentrations well: adjusted R2=0.68 and 0.76, respectively, and root mean square error=3.4 and 2.1ppb, respectively. The predictions from the routine-LUR-All model were highly correlated with the measured NO2 concentrations at evaluation sites. Although the predicted NO2 concentrations from each model were correlated, the LUR models based on routine networks, and particularly those based on all monitoring sites, provided better visual representations of the local road conditions in the city. The present study demonstrated that LUR models based on routine data could estimate local traffic-related air pollution in an urban area. The importance and usefulness of data from routine monitoring networks should be acknowledged. [Display omitted] Maps of continuous NO2 concentration from each model across Suita based on the predicted concentration of each 50×50m grid cell and topographic map. •LUR model based on routine data has some advantage such as long-term coverage.•Predictability of LUR model based on routine and campaigning data were evaluated.•Predicted NO2 by routine-LUR models were highly correlated with measured NO2.•Routine-LUR models provided better visual representations of the local road.•The usefulness o