Seawater temperature and carbon isotope variations in belemnites linked to mass extinction during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) in Central and Northern Spain. Comparison with other European sections

The Early Toarcian mass extinction marks one of the critical events in the history of the Earth. Many of these events have been linked to important climate changes. Two sections of the Toarcian showing high-resolution ammonite-based biostratigraphy are studied in Central and Northern Spain. Stable isotope datasets, based on the analysis of 192 diagenetically screened belemnite calcite and 41 bulk carbonates, allowed the construction of δ 13C curves and a δ 18O-based palaeotemperature. Comparison of the extinction pattern with other sections in Europe and northern Africa shows that the Early Toarcian mass extinction boundary occurred at the Tenuicostatum–Serpentinum transition, and that the organic-rich facies linked to the Oceanic Anoxic Event and the associated negative δ 13C excursion are diachronous. From a latest Pliensbachian cooling interval, a first increment of seawater temperature averaging about 4.5 °C, started around the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary and developed during the earliest Toarcian Tenuicostatum Biochron, marking the beginning of the main extinction interval. From the Tenuicostatum–Serpentinum transition up to the Bifrons Biochron, a rise in seawater temperature averaging 5.7 °C to 7.8 °C was recorded. This warming interval, which started rapidly and which seems to be synchronous at least in Western Europe, is considered one of the main factors responsible for mass extinction. For some authors this rapid warming was probably due to a massive injection of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, but it does not seem to be recorded in belemnite calcite, and the origin of these possible gases is largely debated in the literature. Additional isotope excursions were found in the studied sections in Spain during the Middle and Late Toarcian. A negative δ 13C bel excursion has been recorded at the latest Bifrons Biochron. Above this shift, the Illustris–Vitiosa subzones thermal peak, which represents a 2–3 °C Δ T, could be linked to one of the tectonomagmatic activity peaks recorded in the Karoo Basin. A renewal in the ammonite and brachipod faunas coincident with this climatic change has been recognized in NW Europe and Western Tethys. An interesting thermal peak has also been detected in belemnites of the Insigne Subzone. Δ T is in the order of 3 °C, and in both sections the thermal peak is included into a δ 13C bel negative excursion of about − 1.5‰. Relative synchrony with the new age for the Karoo main magmatic activity (178–180 Ma) indi