Association of advanced glycation end products with peri‐implant inflammation in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Background It is postulated that peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher with high glycemic levels. Purpose In the present clinico‐biochemical study, we explored the clinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters and levels of AGEs among prediabetic, type 2 diabetic (T2DM), and non‐diabetic patients and to evaluate the correlation of AGEs with clinical peri‐implant parameters. Materials and Methods Ninety patients were divided into three groups of 30 patients each; group 1: patients with prediabetes; group 2: patients with T2DM; and group 3: non‐diabetic individuals. Clinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters assessed included plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and marginal bone loss (MBL). PISF was collected and analyzed for AGEs levels using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Between‐group comparison of means was verified with Kruskal‐Wallis test and Pearson correlation coefficient for correlations of AGE levels with peri‐implant parameters. Results Mean peri‐implant PI, BOP, PD, and MBL was significantly higher in group 1 and 2 as compared with non‐diabetic patients (P .05). Mean levels of AGEs in PISF were significantly higher among prediabetic and T2DM patients as compared with non‐diabetic patients (P