Transcriptional Regulation of the CO sub(2)-Concentrating Mechanism in a Euryhaline, Coastal Marine Cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002: Role of NdhR/CcmR

Cyanobacterial photosynthesis occurs in radically diverse habitats and utilizes various forms of a CO sub(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) featuring multiple inorganic carbon (C sub(i)) transporters. Cyanobacteria from dynamic environments can transform CCM activity depending on C sub(i) availability, and yet the molecular basis for this regulation is unclear, especially in coastal strains. LysR family transcription factors resembling the Calvin cycle regulator CbbR from proteobacteria have been implicated in the expression of C sub(i) transporter genes in freshwater cyanobacteria. Our survey of related factors revealed a group of divergent CbbR-like sequences confined to freshwater and coastal or offshore cyanobacteria. Inactivation of the single gene (termed ccmR) from this variable cluster in the euryhaline (coastal) strain Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 led to constitutive expression of a high-affinity CCM. Derepression of HCO sub(3) super(-) transporter gene transcription, including that of BicA, a recently discovered HCO sub(3) super(-) transporter (G. D. Price et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:18228-18233, 2004), was observed. A unique CcmR-regulated operon containing bicA plus 9 open reading frames encoding likely Na super(+)/H super(+) antiporters from the CPA1 and Mnh families was defined that is essential for maximal HCO sub(3) super(-)-dependent oxygen evolution. The promoter region required for C sub(i)-regulated transcription of this operon was defined. We propose that CcmR (and its associated regulon) represents a specialization for species inhabiting environments subject to fluctuating C sub(i) concentrations.