Induction of PIR-A/B+ DCs in the in vitro inflammatory condition and their immunoregulatory function

Background Dendritic cells (DCs), primary antigen-presenting cells, are now well known as an immunoregulator of many aspects of immune responses including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. We have reported that PIR-A/B high cDCs (conventional DCs) appeared in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and serve as a negative immunoregulator in an animal model of IBD. The immunoregulatory role of PIR-A/B + cDCs was confirmed in both an in vitro culture system and an in vivo transfer experiment. Here, we have investigated the differentiation process of PIR-A/B + cDCs in an in vitro inflammatory environment and examined their functions. Methods cDCs were isolated from the large intestinal lamina propria from C57BL/6 mice and cultured in an inflammatory environment (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and LPS). The appearance of PIR-A/B + cDCs was determined after 24 h, and the in vitro-induced PIR-A/B + cDCs were functionally and genetically examined. Results PIR-A/B + cDCs were detected after a 24-h culture only in the inflammatory environment, and the cells acted as a negative immunoregulator when examined in an allogenic mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). The message level of IL-27 was highly upregulated in PIR-A/B + cDCs, while that of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was downregulated in these cells. This was well in accordance with the fact that PIR-A/B + cDCs showed a suppressive function against activated T cells. We found that PIR-A/B + cDCs produced IL-27, as verified by an ELISA assay, and that the inhibitory effect by PIR-A/B + cDCs was, at least partially, due to IL-27. Furthermore, CD85d + cells, a human counterpart of mouse PIR-A/B + cDCs, were found in the lamina propria of the colon of the patients with ulcerative colitis, but not in the similar part of the non-inflammatory area of colon specimens from patients with colon cancer. Conclusions PIR-A/B + cDCs induced in an in vitro inflammatory environment model showed a suppressive function against activated T cells by producing an inhibitory cytokine.