Mass movement mapping for geomorphological understanding and sustainable development: Tigray, Ethiopia

Mass movement topography characterises the escarpments and piedmont zones of the tabular ridges in the western part of the Mekelle outlier, Tigray, Ethiopia. Several types of mass movements can be distinguished. The first type is rockfall produced by 357 km rocky escarpments and cliffs during the rainy season. In the study area, every current kilometer of Amba Aradam sandstone cliff annually produces 3.7 m 3 of rock fragments. However, this is an under-estimation of the actual cliff and escarpment evolution, which is also characterised by debris slides and small rock slides. In the debris flow class, three dormant flow types are recognised. The first type comprises preferential or undifferentiated mobilisations of the so-called plateau layers, the whitish sandy-clayey lacustrine deposits and the lower and upper basalts, and more especially, the swelling clays, derived from the basalts. These debris flows start on the nearly horizontal Amba Aradam Sandstone tabular extensions, jump over cliff recessions or even spurs, and go very far into the valley. In some instances parts of Amba Aradam sandstone and Antalo limestone cliffs are transported. Secondly, some debris flows take their origin in the Antalo limestone supersequence. It concerns deeply weathered layers resting upon aquicludes/aquitards. Finally, gigantic debris flows and rock slides occur around dolerite dyke ridges. About 20% of the total surface of the study area is occupied by landslide topography. Most of the landslides affect the steep edges of the table mountains or the dykes/sills. Mapping and listing of active and dormant mass movements increases knowledge in three domains which are crucial for sustainable development of the study area. The first one is geomorphological risk assessment. The distribution map of active rockfall and dormant landslides shows the areas where potential risks are located. Land use changes which improve the water infiltration capacity of dormant landslides, should be followed up. Secondly, the impact of global climate change on these risk areas can be assessed. The second domain is the water sector, which needs attention in the study area and in many parts of Africa. Landslides mobilised by hydrostatic pressures are related to the occurrence of aquicludes and aquifers. In the study area, landslide mapping led to the location of three aquitards, not described before. The third domain is the pedological mapping. In the study area, soil distribution is very well expla