A regulated multiscale closed‐loop cardiovascular model, with applications to hemorrhage and hypertension

A computational tool is developed for simulating the dynamic response of the human cardiovascular system to various stressors and injuries. The tool couples 0‐dimensional models of the heart, pulmonary vasculature, and peripheral vasculature to 1‐dimensional models of the major systemic arteries. To simulate autonomic response, this multiscale circulatory model is integrated with a feedback model of the baroreflex, allowing control of heart rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral impedance. The performance of the tool is demonstrated in 2 scenarios: neurogenic hypertension by sustained stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and an acute 10% hemorrhage from the left femoral artery. A dimensionally heterogeneous model of the cardiovascular system comprising models of the heart, pulmonary vasculature, and peripheral vasculature is developed. To simulate autonomic response, this multiscale circulatory model is integrated with a feedback model of the baroreflex, allowing control of heart rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral impedance. The performance of the model is demonstrated in 2 scenarios: neurogenic hypertension by sustained stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and an acute 10% hemorrhage from the left femoral artery.