Prevalence of Persistent Median Arteries in the Pediatric Population on Ultrasonography

Objectives To use real‐time ultrasonography to estimate the prevalence of persistent median arteries in a cohort of pediatric orthopedic patients. Methods With Institutional Review Board approval, patients between the ages of 3 months and 19 years were recruited for this cross‐sectional study. Variables of interest included demographics, underlying diagnoses, and the presence of a Doppler‐confirmed median artery. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on both upper extremities by a single investigator. Patient‐ and limb‐level analyses were performed. A multivariable generalized logistic regression analysis was used to test the association between the prevalence of limb‐specific persistent median arteries and age. A generalized estimating equation was used to adjust for the inclusion of multiple limbs from the same patient. Results A total of 135 patients (270 limbs) were evaluated. The patient‐specific prevalence rate (persistent median arteries present in 1 or both limbs) was 26.7%. Among these patients (n = 36), a persistent median artery was present bilaterally in 55.6% (n = 20). The limb‐specific prevalence rate (proportion of limbs with a persistent median artery) was 20.7%. After adjusting for race, for every 1‐year increase in age, the odds of a persistent median artery decreased by 4.4%. After adjusting for age, African Americans were significantly more likely to present with a persistent median artery (odds ratio, 3.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–11.48). Conclusions Ultrasonography can effectively visualize anatomic variants, such as persistent median arteries, in the pediatric population. The prevalence of persistent median arteries was higher than anticipated, especially among African American patients.