Viral‐based nanomaterials for plasmonic and photonic materials and devices

Over the last decade, viruses have established themselves as a powerful tool in nanotechnology. Their proteinaceous capsids benefit from biocompatibility, chemical addressability, and a variety of sizes and geometries, while their ability to encapsulate, scaffold, and self‐assemble enables their use for a wide array of purposes. Moreover, the scaling up of viral‐based nanotechnologies is facilitated by high capsid production yield and speed, which is particularly advantageous when compared with slower and costlier lithographic techniques. These features enable the bottom‐up fabrication of photonic and plasmonic materials, which relies on the precise arrangement of photoactive material at the nanoscale to control phenomena such as electromagnetic wave propagation and energy transfer. The interdisciplinary approach required for the fabrication of such materials combines techniques from the life sciences and device engineering, thus promoting innovative research. Materials with applications spanning the fields of sensing (biological, chemical, and physical sensors), nanomedicine (cellular imaging, drug delivery, phototherapy), energy transfer and conversion (solar cells, light harvesting, photocatalysis), metamaterials (negative refraction, artificial magnetism, near‐field amplification), and nanoparticle synthesis are considered with exclusive emphasis on viral capsids and protein cages. This article is categorized under: Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus‐Based Structures Viral capsids and protein cages are becoming well‐established nanotechnological tools for the fabrication of photonic and plasmonic materials and devices spanning fields such as sensing, nanomedicine, energy transfer and conversion, metamaterials, and nanoparticle synthesis.