Automotive emissions in developing countries: Traffic management and technological control measures

Automotive emissions associated with urbanization have serious environmental impacts, which are exacerbated in urban centers. The mitigative measures adopted in industrial nations include strict regulations, emission reduction technologies, and sophisticated traffic control measures. Developing nations have fewer resources for traffic control measures, and only simple technological resources for emissions reductions. A traffic model is integrated with an emission model to project emissions in the central business area of Beirut, Lebanon. The model shows that the implementation of simple control measures, financial incentives, and appropriate traffic control policies can reduce emissions by up to 85%.