Portal congestion and intestinal edema in hospitalized patients with heart failure

An interaction between the intestine and cardiovascular disease has been suggested. We thought to clarify the association between intestinal conditions and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). Hemodynamic parameters in intestinal vessels [superior mesenteric artery (SMA), inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), and portal vein (PV)] and average colon wall thickness (aCWT) from the ascending colon to sigmoid colon were evaluated in 224 hospitalized HF patients. Echocardiographic parameters and composite event rates (all-cause mortality, readmission for HF deterioration, major ventricular arrhythmias) were also examined. Higher PV congestion index (CI) and aCWT were observed in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV. Higher PVCI [hazard ratio (HR) per + 1 standard deviation (SD) 1.50, p