Management of cardiac implantable electronic devices in the presence of left ventricular assist devices

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are increasingly used in the management of patients with advanced heart failure. Many of these patients have or will be considered for a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) such as an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator or a cardiac resynchronization therapy device. Frequent interplay is often encountered due to the complexity of these devices and the underlying disease states. Proactive management strategies and an awareness of interactions may help reduce adverse events. Here we review the current literature, present management recommendations, and discuss potential future investigations for CIEDs in patients with LVADs. [Display omitted]