The gay Gaze in Ancient Rome

Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (1999), maintaining instead, like all pre-World War II scholars, that the sparsely attested lex Scantinia imposed no such blanket prohibition on Roman males of the citizen class. Ethical theorists critical of this modern tendency, such as Alasdair Maclntyre (1981) and Bernard Williams (1985), along with Gill himself, have suggested that a more appropriate way of understanding the normative ancient self (and its anticipation of new, non-Cartesian descriptions of selfhood in the present day) is to recognize the role of interpersonal and communal relationships in its formation and its moral judgments.