Does nivolumab for progressed metastatic lung cancer fulfill its promises? An efficacy and safety analysis in 20 general hospitals

•Nivolumab is prescribed to a heavily pretreated lung cancer patients, with many in ECOG 2.•The median overall survival is inferior to what was published in the randomized phase III trials.•An ECOG score 2 and the presence of liver metastasis strongly correlates with a worse survival.•Many serious adverse events were reported supporting the need for a close follow-up. In patients with refractory or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after first line chemotherapy, phase III trials showed superiority of nivolumab, an IgG4 programmed death-1 immune-checkpoint-inhibitor antibody, over docetaxel. We evaluated case mix, effectiveness and safety of nivolumab upon implementation in general practice. In 20 general hospitals, all consecutive NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab within the medical need program (inclusion period 12 months) in Flanders − Belgium were evaluated. There were 267 patients, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score was 2 in 24% and 0–1 in 76%. In 48%, two or more systemic regimens were given before nivolumab. The median overall survival was 7.8 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.3–9.3). At one year, the overall survival rate was 36.5±0.34%. Median progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI 2.9–4.5). An objective response was obtained in 23.2%. ECOG score 2 and presence of liver metastasis strongly correlated with worse survival (p