Phalaenopsis flowering locus VE regulates floral organ maturation

Key message PaFVE is low ambient temperature-inducible and acts as a systemic regulator in the early stage of floral development in Phalaenopsis . Phalaenopsis aphrodite : subsp. formosana , a native orchid species of Taiwan, is an economically important ornamental crop that requires low ambient temperature for floral transition. Currently, limited genetic information about such orchid species hampers genetic manipulation for specific or improved floral traits, and the control of flowering time independent of temperature regulation. In this study, the sequence of the full-length of Phalaenopsis flowering locus VE ( PaFVE ) gene was determined. Spatial and temporal expression studies showed that mRNA transcripts of PaFVE were inducible by low ambient temperature, and high levels of expression occurred after spiking initiation and remained high throughout the early stage of floral development. Further investigation revealed that floral organ development was impeded in PaFVE- silenced P. aphrodite , but flowering time and floral organogenesis were not compromised. Analysis of the downstream flowering genes suggested that the delay in floral maturation is associated with a corresponding decrease in the expression of downstream flowering genes, PaSOC1, PaSOC1L and PaAGL24 . The ectopic expression of PaFVE in Arabidopsis resulted in an accelerated flowering time, accompanied by an increase in the expression of AtSOC1 , thus revealing the functional role of PaFVE as a floral regulator. Overall, our results demonstrate that PaFVE has evolutionarily diverged and conserved functions, and serves as a regulator of floral organ maturation in Phalaenopsis and a regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis .