Exercise and diet induced weight loss improves measures of oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity in adults with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome

Departments of Nutritional Sciences, 1 Biochemistry, 2 Education School and Counseling Psychology, 3 Biomedical Sciences, 4 Internal Medicine, 5 and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, 6 University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medicine, 7 University of Arizona, Diabetes Research Center, Tucson, Arizona Submitted 20 February 2007 ; accepted in final form 24 April 2007 Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) increase the risk for coronary heart disease; however, much of this risk is not attributable to traditional risk factors. We sought to determine whether weight loss associated with supervised aerobic exercise beneficially alters biomarkers of oxidative stress and whether these alterations are associated with improvements in measures of insulin resistance. Twenty-five sedentary and overweight to obese [body mass index (BMI) = 33.0 ± 0.8 kg/m 2 ] individuals, with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, participated in a 4- to 7-mo weight loss program that consisted of energy restriction (reduced by 500 kcal/day) and supervised aerobic exercise (5 days/wk, 45 min/day at 60% O 2 max ; 375 kcal/day). IR and insulin sensitivity were assessed by the calculation of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), respectively. Oxidative stress was assessed by oxidized LDL (oxLDL), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and low- and high- density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) lipid hydroperoxide concentrations in serum. Indexes for antioxidative status included apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) concentrations and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity and protein concentrations. Exercise- and diet-induced weight loss ( 10%) significantly ( P < 0.05) increased insulin sensitivity and reduced IR, oxLDL, and LDL lipid hydroperoxides but did not alter HDL lipid hydroperoxides or MPO concentrations. Lifestyle modification impacted systemic antioxidative status by increasing apoA1 concentrations and reducing serum PON1 protein and activity. Changes in oxidative stress were not associated with alterations in HOMA or QUICKI. Diet- and exercise-induced weight loss ( 10%) improves measures of insulin sensitivity and beneficially alters biomarkers of oxidative status. insulin resistance; oxidized low-density lipoprotein; paraoxonase-1; energy restriction Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: T. R. Thomas, 113 McKee Gym, Exercise Physiology Program, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 (e-mail: thomastr{