Photonuclear reactions triggered by lightning discharge

Ground-based observations during a thunderstorm provide conclusive evidence of positrons being produced after lightning, confirming that lightning can trigger photonuclear reactions. Generating radioactive isotopes in thunderstorms Lightning, particularly the very energetic γ-ray flashes, can theoretically generate radioactive isotopes through the interaction of relativistic electrons with atoms and molecules in the air. Some weak observational evidence for this was recently claimed. Teruaki Enoto and collaborators report observations of a coastal thunderstorm in Japan on 6 February 2017, in which they see a clear signature of positron annihilation associated with γ-ray flashes, combined with γ-rays arising in the de-excitation of nuclei excited by neutron capture. They conclude that the positrons arise from the decay of neutrons after the lightning. Lightning and thunderclouds are natural particle accelerators 1 . Avalanches of relativistic runaway electrons, which develop in electric fields within thunderclouds 2 , 3 , emit bremsstrahlung γ-rays. These γ-rays have been detected by ground-based observatories 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , by airborne detectors 10 and as terrestrial γ-ray flashes from space 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 . The energy of the γ-rays is sufficiently high that they can trigger atmospheric photonuclear reactions 10 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 that produce neutrons and eventually positrons via β + decay of the unstable radioactive isotopes, most notably 13 N, which is generated via 14 N + γ → 13 N + n , where γ denotes a photon and n a neutron. However, this reaction has hitherto not been observed conclusively, despite increasing observational evidence of neutrons 7 , 20 , 21 and positrons 10 , 22 that are presumably derived from such reactions. Here we report ground-based observations of neutron and positron signals after lightning. During a thunderstorm on 6 February 2017 in Japan, a γ-ray flash with a duration of less than one millisecond was detected at our monitoring sites 0.5–1.7 kilometres away from the lightning. The subsequent γ-ray afterglow subsided quickly, with an exponential decay constant of 40–60 milliseconds, and was followed by prolonged line emission at about 0.511 megaelectronvolts, which lasted for a minute. The observed decay timescale and spectral cutoff at about 10 megaelectronvolts of the γ-ray afterglow are well explained by de-excitation γ-rays from nuclei excited by neutron capture. The centre energy of the prolong