Glucocorticoids upregulate F0XP3 expression and regulatory T cells in asthma

Background T regulatory (T sub(reg)) cells are characterized by expression of suppressive cytokines and the transcription factor FOXP3. They play a key role in balancing immune responses and maintain peripheral tolerance against antigens and allergens. The loss of peripheral tolerance against allergens causes diseases that can be therapeutically controlled with glucocorticoids. Objective The present study investigates whether glucocorticoids affect the activity of T sub(reg) cells on the basis of FOXP3 and cytokine expression. Methods CD4 super(+) T cells from healthy donors and glucocorticoid-treated asthmatic patients were isolated, and expression of FOXP3, along with IL-10 and TGF- beta 1, was determined. The effect of glucocorticoids on T sub(reg) cells was measured in vivo before and after GC treatment and in in vitro cultures. Results F0XP3 mRNA expression was significantly increased in asthmatic patients receiving inhaled glucocorticoid treatment, systemic glucocorticoid treatment, or both.FOXP3 tightly correlated with IL10 mRNA expression. No correlation of F0XP3 mRNA expression was observed in relation to a (GT)n microsatellite promoter polymorphism on chromosome Xp11.23 or total IgE level. The frequency of CD25 super(+) memory CD4 super(+) T cells and transient F0XP3 mRNA expression by CD4 super(+) T cells significantly increased after systemic glucocorticoid treatment, whereas TGFB1 expression did not change. Furthermore, glucocorticoids induced IL10 and F0XP3 expression in short-term and long-term cultures in vitro. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that glucocorticoid treatment is not only immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory but also promotes or initiates differentiation toward T sub(R)1 cells by a FOXP3-dependent mechanism. Strategies that convert transient glucocorticoid-induced T sub(reg) activity into a stable phenotype might improve allergy and asthma therapy.