Variability of the phytolith record in fisher–hunter–gatherer sites: An example from the Yamana society (Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)

Phytoliths were analysed from shell-midden samples from the Yamana site Túnel VII, located on the northern shore of the Beagle Channel, in Tierra del Fuego. A detailed and intensive sampling strategy was applied to understand the variability and distribution of phytolith assemblages in the hut occupation layer, which resulted from both taphonomy and the working processes carried out in the dwelling. This investigation has demonstrated that a proper sampling strategy must take into consideration the research questions. It also must be capable of indicating the inherent variability of the phytolith record, related to both natural and social causes. The use of a single sample to represent the entire archaeological context should not be considered a standard practice for phytolith analysis, especially when the studied context is a milieu of several, and sometimes unrelated, social actions.