Effects of temperature and photoperiod on flowering time of forage legumes in a Mediterranean environment

Flowering time plasticity is a commonly occurring adaptive characteristic of fodder crops, including legumes, in arid and semiarid environments of the Mediterranean regions. Time of flowering is mainly influenced by genotype, temperature and photoperiod. Field experiments were carried out at Foggia (southern Italy) during successive growing seasons (from 8 to 16 growing cycles according to species) to study the relation among air temperature, photoperiod and duration of the morphological development of flowering in eight forage legume species: sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium L.), sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), pea ( Pisum sativun L.), berseem clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.), Persian clover ( Trifolium resupinatum L.), faba bean ( Vicia faba L.), common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) and hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth). Time to reach 10% flowering (EF) and 100% flowering (FF) were recorded. Rate of progress to flowering, defined as the inverse of time from sowing to EF and FF, was related to mean daily temperature, or to both mean daily temperature and mean photoperiod. Using the linear equations, the thermal time requirements ( T t) and the base temperature ( T b) expressed as heat units were determined by the x-intercept method for both EF and FF stages. Evaluation of flowering time was also based on days after planting (DAP), day of year (DOY) and on a photothermal index (PTI). For all species, a significant negative correlation ( P ≥ 0.01) was found between planting date (PD) and DAP whereas PTI showed a significant negative relationship ( P ≥ 0.05) only for faba bean, pea, berseem clover and common vetch. In sainfoin, sulla and berseem clover, the rate of progress to flowering was affected significantly ( P ≥ 0.05) by both mean temperature and photoperiod. The T t requirements to reach the EF and the FF stage ranged from 871 to 1665 °C day and from 1043 to 1616 °C day, respectively, for the studied species. Both phenological stages considered depended upon accumulated thermal time above a species-specific base temperature. Furthermore, in all legumes the onset of flowering only occurred when dual thresholds of a minimum T t and a minimum photoperiod were reached, which were specific to each species.