Double burden of diseases worldwide: coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition‐related non‐communicable chronic diseases

Summary Objective This systematic examination and meta‐analysis examined the scope and variation of the worldwide double burden of diseases and identified related socio‐demographic factors. Design We searched PubMed for studies published in English from January 1, 2000, through September 28, 2016, that reported on double disease burden. Twenty‐nine studies from 18 high‐income, middle‐income and low‐income countries met inclusion criteria and provided 71 obesity–undernutrition ratios, which were included in meta‐regression analysis. Results All high‐income countries had a much higher prevalence of obesity than undernutrition (i.e. all the obesity/undernutrition ratios >1); 55% of the ratios in lower middle‐income and low‐income countries were