Optimizing combination of vascular endothelial growth factor and mesenchymal stem cells on ectopic bone formation in SCID mice

Introduction: Insufficient blood supply may limit bone regeneration in bone defects. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis by increasing endothelial migration. This outcome, however, could depend on time of application. Sheep mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were used in this study to evaluate optimal time points for VEGF stimulation to increase bone formation. Methods: Twenty‐eight SCID (NOD.CB17‐Prkdcscid/J) mice had hydroxyapatite granules seeded with 5 × 105 MSCs inserted subcutaneous. Pellets released VEGF on days 1–7, days 1–14, days 1–21, days 1–42, days 7–14, and days 21–42. After 8 weeks, the implant‐bone‐blocks were harvested, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with both hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry for human vimentin (hVim) staining. Blood samples were collected for determination of bone‐related biomarkers in serum. Results: The groups with 5 × 105 MSCs and VEGF stimulation on days 1–14 and days 1–21 showed more bone formation when compared to the control group of 5 × 105 MSCs alone (p