Inhibition of gonadotropin-induced oviposition and ovarian steroidogenesis in the African clawed frog ( Xenopus laevis) by the pesticide methoxychlor

Concern over the role of environmental toxicants in amphibian population declines has highlighted the need to develop more comprehensive ecotoxicological test methods for this at-risk group. With continued interest in environmental endocrine disrupters (EDs), and the paucity of data pertaining to endocrine disrupting effects in amphibia, such tests should incorporate reproductive and endocrine endpoints. We investigated the effects of in vivo exposure to the pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) on reproductive and endocrine function in adult female African clawed frogs, ( Xenopus laevis). Frogs were exposed to MXC (0.5–500 μg/l) in tank water throughout a cycle of oogenesis stimulated by exogenous gonadotropins. Gonadotropin-induced oviposition was delayed, and reduced numbers of unfertilizable eggs of increased size were oviposited by frogs exposed to 500 μg/l MXC. Reduced egg output was mirrored by increased gonado-somatic index in MXC-treated frogs. Post-oviposition, plasma sex steroid profiles were altered in MXC-exposed frogs as estradiol/progesterone and estradiol/testosterone ratios were elevated. Ex vivo synthesis of progesterone by ovarian explants was significantly reduced for frogs exposed to MXC≥0.5 μg/l. Additionally, plasma vitellogenin concentrations were significantly depressed in frogs exposed to 500 μg/l MXC. These data indicate that reproductive and endocrine dysfunction can occur in adult amphibia exposed to high concentrations of an environmental toxin with endocrine disrupting activity. Such effects may be indicative of the potential for adverse effects on amphibian wildlife exposed to environmental EDs.