Glyceryl 1,3-Dipalmitate Produced from Lactobacillus paracasei subspecies. paracasei NTU 101 Inhibits Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation and Reperfusion-Induced Oxidative Stress via Upregulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells

Glyceryl 1,3-dipalmitate (GD) purified from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented products has been demonstrated to possess neuroprotective properties. We determined the effect of GD on oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell death. GD ameliorated OGD/R-induced apoptosis by elevating the protein expression of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), thereby attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Pretreatment with GD reduced nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) expression from 1.54 ± 0.27 to 0.84 ± 0.46, thereby attenuating the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) levels from 0.81 ± 0.02 to 1.08 ± 0.06, thus reducing the levels of cytosolic Ca2+; this also correlated with reduced cell death. We conclude that GD prevents SH-SY5Y cells from injury after OGD/R insult, possibly by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory response.